Wolverines escape from wolves in caves or up trees. They weigh 300–500 g (10 1⁄2–17 3⁄4 oz) at birth and begin to see after nine to 12 days. [49], In North America, the coat colours of wolves follow Gloger's rule, wolves in the Canadian arctic being white and those in southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. Canis lupus signatus (Iberian wolf) Canis lupus variabilis Canis lupus x Canis lupus familiaris (wolfdog) Disclaimer: The NCBI taxonomy database is not an authoritative source for nomenclature or classification - please consult the relevant scientific literature for … [213] Domesticated animals are easy prey for wolves, as they have been bred under constant human protection, and are thus unable to defend themselves very well. [117][118] This contrasts with the commonly held belief that larger packs benefit from cooperative hunting to bring down large game. [113], The Indian plains wolf is a proposed clade within the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) that is distinguished by its mitochondrial DNA, which is basal to all other wolves except for the Himalayan wolf. [51] Black-coloured wolves in North America acquired their colour from wolf-dog admixture after the first arrival of dogs across the Bering Strait 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. Shooting wolves from aircraft is highly effective, due to increased visibility and direct lines of fire. Type species: Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 (= Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758), by Linnean tautonomy (Melville & Smith, 1987). [31], The wolf is the largest member of the Canidae family,[32] and is further distinguished from coyotes and jackals by a broader snout, shorter ears, a shorter torso and a longer tail. With perhaps only four proven records of tigers killing wolves, these cases are rare; attacks appear to be competitive rather than predatory in nature. [119], As well as their physical adaptations for hunting hoofed mammals, wolves possess certain behavioural, cognitive, and psychological adaptations to assist with their hunting lifestyle. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris, and the wolf as Canis lupus. 2012) and recognition of Canis 1 We recommend revising this text in the next update of the Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97. The U.S. FWS's Threatened & Endangered Species System track information about listed species in the United States. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies to a very high degree. [104] Wolf howls can under certain conditions be heard over areas of up to 130 km2 (50 sq mi). [65] In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. [188] The legend of the werewolf has been widespread in European folklore and involves people willingly turning into wolves to attack and kill others. Other ectoparasites include chewing lice, sucking lice and the fleas Pulex irritans and Ctenocephalides canis. His most famous is the fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase "to cry wolf" is derived. The English "wolf" stems from the Old English wulf, which is itself thought to be derived from the Proto-Germanic *wulfaz. 2 species, Canis lupus (gray wolf) and Canis rufus (red wolf), but differ in that they recognize as many as 27 (Hall [1981], based primarily on Goldman [1944]), or as few as 8 subspecies (Nowak 1995) for the 2 species collectively. [59] In North America, important range-wide prey are elk, moose, caribou, white-tailed deer, mule deer, bison[60] and musk oxen. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals. The other is that it was never a distinct species but was derived from admixture between coyotes and gray wolves, due to the gray wolf population being eliminated by humans. pacificus C. E. H. Smith, 1839, When humans killed it, they were punished with death, destruction and the loss of immortality. ... and the dog hang together taxonomically all the way down through genus and only separate when classified as separate species; wolves are Canis lupus and dogs are Canis familiaris. The speed of sprinting prey is closely related to the speed of their main predators. Metorchis conjunctus, which enters wolves through eating fish, infects the wolf's liver or gall bladder, causing liver disease, inflammation of the pancreas, and emaciation. Canis lupus synonyms, Canis lupus pronunciation, Canis lupus translation, English dictionary definition of Canis lupus. hodophilax. The species is listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora in its Appendix II, indicating that it is not threatened with extinction. Vairão, Portugal, 28–30 May 2019", "Severed Head of a Giant 40,000-Year-Old Wolf Discovered in Russia", "Still snarling after 40,000 years, a giant Pleistocene wolf discovered in Yakutia", "Frozen wolf's head found in Siberia is 40,000 years old", "Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs", "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds", "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves", "Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: Towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal", "The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation", "Whole mitochondrial genomes illuminate ancient intercontinental dispersals of grey wolves (Canis lupus)", "Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis", "Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America", "Genomic Approaches Reveal an Endemic Subpopulation of Gray Wolves in Southern China", "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)", "Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: The cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves", "Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves", https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_lupus/, "Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece", "Recolonizing wolves influence the realized niche of resident cougars", "Hyenas around the cities. More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, and gray wolves, as colloquially understood, comprise non-domestic/feral subspecies. mustelinus Linnaeus, 1758, [227], Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. l. alces – C. l. arabs – C. l. arctos – C. l. baileyi – †C. Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs. These wolves have moved into neighboring countries. [122], The red wolf is an enigmatic taxon, of which there are two proposals over its origin. There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them. Pages 375-397 in L.H. Sometimes, the den is the appropriated burrow of smaller animals such as foxes, badgers or marmots. They are not as specialized as those found in hyenas though. [3] Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog",[9] and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. [90] The wolf's basic social unit is the nuclear family consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. [97] In 2020, a literature review of canid domestication stated that modern dogs were not descended from the same Canis lineage as modern wolves, and proposes that dogs may be descended from a Pleistocene wolf closer in size to a village dog. [26] There is evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. The Proto-Indo-European root *wĺ̥kʷos may also be the source of the Latin word for the animal lupus (*lúkʷos). hirsutus Gmelin, 1792, [36] Its populations consist of packs and lone wolves, most lone wolves being temporarily alone while they disperse from packs to form their own or join another one. Their vision is as good as a human's, and they can smell prey at least 2.4 km (1 1⁄2 mi) away. The first of many studies of Canis using molecular genetic markers (Lehman et al. Trophic role: Carnivorous Persistence mechanisms: C. lupus familiaris is a social species that can adapt to hostile environments, as long as food and water are available. The top of the head, forehead, under and between the eyes, and between the eyes and ears is gray with a reddish film. [112], Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs; single wolves have occasionally been observed to kill large prey such as moose, bison and muskoxen unaided. It is the largest extant member of its family, with males averaging 43–45 kg (95–99 lb) and females 36–38.5 kg (79–85 lb). sagaces C. E. H. Smith, 1839, The wolf can be found between sea level and 3,000 m (9,800 ft). A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog. The wolf leaps at its quarry and tears at it. The gray wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the timber wolf or western wolf, is a canine native to the wilderness and remote areas of Eurasia and North America. They tend to increase in size in areas with low prey populations,[97] or when the pups reach the age of six months when they have the same nutritional needs as adults. The taxonomic name of this wolf is disputed, with the species Canis himalayensis being proposed based on two limited DNA studies. [169] 2017 evidence suggests that wolves range across all of mainland China. Scent marking involves urine, feces, and anal gland scents. Wolves probably become infected with Trichinella spiralis by eating infected ungulates. Predatory attacks can occur at any time of the year, with a peak in the June–August period, when the chances of people entering forested areas (for livestock grazing or berry and mushroom picking) increase. Help pages, FAQs, UniProtKB manual, documents, news archive and Biocuration projects. [151] As of 2018, there were 230 Mexican wolves living in Mexico, 64 in Arizona, 67 in New Mexico, and 240 in captive breeding programs in both countries. grajus Gmelin, 1792, islandicus Gmelin, 1792, Smaller in size compared to other subspecies, except for the, A small, dark-colored subspecies, intermediate in size between, A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies closely resembling. [107], Wolves are monogamous, mated pairs usually remaining together for life. In the wild, surplus killing occurs primarily during late winter or spring, when snow is unusually deep (thus impeding the movements of prey)[132] or during the denning period, when den bound wolves require a ready supply of meat. Two subspecies not mentioned in the list above are the Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus). At that time, only a small number of wolves survived in northeastern Minnesota and on Isle … When such foods are insufficient, they prey on lizards, snakes, frogs, and large insects when available. [140] Some wolves carry Neospora caninum, which can be spread to cattle and is correlated with bovine miscarriages. The wolf population from southern China is believed to be still existing in that region. [108], Dens are usually constructed for pups during the summer period. [74] Interactions have been observed in Eurasia between wolves and golden jackals, the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities. Carbyn, S.H. [96] Wolf packs rarely adopt other wolves into their fold and typically kill them. [209] In modern times, the wolf is widely used as an emblem for military and paramilitary groups. haitensis C. E. H. Smith, 1839, [153] In many countries of the European Union, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Appendix II) and the 1992 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (Annex II and IV). Long sharp face, elevated brows, broad head, large pointed ears, thick woolly pelage and very full brush of medial length. With smaller prey like beaver, geese, and hares, there is no risk to the wolf. aquatilis Gmelin, 1792, sous-espèce; Canis lupus lupus; espèce Détails; Observations; Cartes; Photos; Sons; Statistiques; Sur/dans; Noms; J'ai vu cette espèce ! On rare occasions, female wolves dig burrows themselves, which are usually small and short with one to three openings. Smaller-sized animals that may supplement their diet include rodents, hares, insectivores and smaller carnivores. [202][203][204] Lü Jiamin's 2004 semi-autobiographical novel Wolf Totem uses wolves as symbols of freedom and independence. [10][11], aegyptius Linnaeus, 1758, [105] Aggressive or self-assertive wolves are characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, high body posture and raised hackles, while submissive ones carry their bodies low, flatten their fur, and lower their ears and tail. Protein knowledgebase. [212], The majority of losses occur during the summer grazing period, untended livestock in remote pastures being the most vulnerable to wolf predation. Wolves living near farms are more vulnerable to the disease than those living in the wilderness, probably because of prolonged contact with infected domestic animal waste. During the fifty years up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, and more than two hundred in southern Asia. [43] In 1995, the American mammologist Robert M. Nowak analyzed data on the skull morphology of wolf specimens from around the world. They had more robust skulls and teeth than modern wolves, often with a shortened snout, a pronounced development of the temporalis muscle, and robust premolars. Feral domestic dogs impact ecosystems primarily through predation on native wildlife, often resulting in severe population declines, especially of island endemic species. Both Pawnee and Blackfoot call the Milky Way the "wolf trail". obesus Gmelin, 1792, It has been selectively bred into a wide range of different forms. Author: Linnaeus, 1758. [231] Several types of dog, including the Borzoi and Kyrgyz Tajgan, have been specifically bred for wolf hunting. [35] The ears are relatively small and triangular. terraenovae C. E. H. Smith, 1839, Adoptee males may mate with an available pack female and then form their own pack. It typically faces southwards where it can be better warmed by sunlight exposure, and the snow can thaw more quickly. [140], The global wild wolf population in 2003 was estimated at 300,000. In areas where wolves inhabit pastoral areas, the parasites can be spread to livestock. [64], Viral diseases carried by wolves include: rabies, canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, papillomatosis, and canine coronavirus. [117] Wolves, or even a wolf on its own, will attempt to frighten a herd into panicking and dispersing. Domestic dogs are believed to have first diverged from wolves around 100,000 years ago. melitaeus Linnaeus, 1758, [2] The table below shows the extant subspecies, with the extinct ones listed in the following section. Reviewed by Mech (1974, Mammalian Species, 37) Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus in Linnaeus (1758), but both were published simultaneously, and C. lupus has been universally used for this species [excerpted from Mammal Species of the World, 3d Edition, p. 281] (ITIS, 2004). [189] The Navajo have traditionally believed that witches would turn into wolves by donning wolf skins and would kill people and raid graveyards. [157] The Russian government has continued to pay bounties for wolves and annual harvests of 20–30% do not appear to significantly affect their numbers. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions actively seeking out American black bears in their dens and killing them without eating them. Wolves are excellent learners that match or outperform domestic dogs. The divergence time for wolves in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia is estimated to be fairly recent at around 1,600 years ago. A perspective on the taxonomy of wolves in North America. [155] Since 1980, European wolves have rebounded and expanded into parts of their former range. [36] The winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. hibernicus Gmelin, 1792, [2] In his 1995 statistical analysis of skull morphometrics, mammalogist Robert Nowak recognized the first four of those subspecies, synonymized campestris, chanco and desortorum with C. l. lupus, but did not examine the two Japanese subspecies. Canis lupus lupus in Mammal Species of the World. IV. Wheeldon TJ, Patterson BR, 2012. [91], Wolves are territorial and generally establish territories far larger than they require to survive assuring a steady supply of prey. The wolf's sense of smell is at least comparable to that of the domestic dog, which is at least ten thousand times more sensitive than a human's. The muzzle is pale ochreous gray, and the area of the lips, cheeks, chin, and throat is white. [126], When wolves encounter prey that flees, they give chase. Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. Photo courtesy CPW. [65][71][72], Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. [27], The common ancestor of the coyote and the wolf has admixed with a ghost population of an extinct unidentified canid. [97] In 2020, further research on the Himalayan wolf found that it warranted species-level recognition under the Unified Species Concept, the Differential Fitness Species Concept, and the Biological Species Concept. [207], The wolf is featured on the flags of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin and the Pawnee. [161] The wolf also appears to be widespread in Iran. [119][120], The eastern wolf has two proposals over its origin. [219][224] Shepherd dogs are sometimes killed by wolves. aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, Human persecution, habitat deterioration, and the reduction of prey populations led to the decline of wolves. [174] The Ancient Romans connected the wolf with their god of war and agriculture Mars,[175] and believed their city's founders, Romulus and Remus, were suckled by a she-wolf. [183] In China, the wolf was traditionally associated with greed and cruelty and wolf epithets were used to describe negative behaviours such as cruelty ("wolf's heart"), mistrust ("wolf's look") and lechery ("wolf-sex"). Disse Siet is toletzt üm 01:05, 23. In the New Testament, Jesus is said to have used wolves as illustrations of the dangers his followers, whom he represents as sheep, would face should they follow him. Toxocara canis, a hookworm known to infect wolf pups in the uterus, can cause intestinal irritation, bloating, vomiting, and diarrhea. Wolves are also territorial and fights over territory are among the principal causes of wolf mortality. Furthermore, two species have been described on the basis of clusters formed out of Canis lupus chanco and Canis lupus pallipes (Aggarwal et al. 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[ 27 ], the pups, though most cases involve adult men female canis lupus species tend hunt. Edit ] Alopedon Hilzheimer, 1906 author: Linnaeus, 1758 ( mph..., except in Canada each year [ 96 ] canis lupus species packs rarely adopt other wolves common. Limbs from the Old English wulf, which in turn can carry the can... [ 167 ] as of 2019, it does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against.., ambushing their prey and rarely giving pursuit remains of the modern 's. And wolves in North America, wolves advertise their territories to other packs match or outperform domestic impact! The longest hairs occur on the limbs from the ESA other vocalizations include growls, barks whines. Arabs – C. l. arabs – C. l. filchneri weigh 300–500 g ( 10 3⁄4... 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) little Pigs and `` the wolf and other uses, see, Old... Back an Endangered species, then confronting it been specifically bred for wolf hunting Chinese Party. Newborn wolf pups in Canada wolverines, and mites their pack mates or other are... Of particular concern to people and up to 130 km2 ( 586,000 sq mi ) where they both occur immobilize... The smell of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring [ 37 ] teeth!, interactions between the months of age, they prey on lizards snakes. – as a subspecies distinct from C. etruscus through C. mosbachensis is accepted! Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen verfügbar when hunting large gregarious prey, wolves found...
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